After a bullish session on Thursday, with both the S&P 500 and the Dow Jones hitting record highs, spurred by increased risk appetite following a bold 0.5% rate cut by the Federal Reserve, traders are gearing up for a volatile end to the week.

Friday marks a notorious “Triple Witching” day, when stock index futures, stock index options and individual stock options expire simultaneously — a convergence that historically stirs market turbulence.

Goldman Sachs estimates than more than $4.5 trillion in notional options exposure will expire on Friday, including $605 billion in single-stock options.

According to Bloomberg, using estimates from derivatives analytical firm Asym 500, the overall notional options expiring Friday reach $5.1 trillion when including options tied to ETFs.

“This Friday will be the largest September-options expiration on record, driven by elevated index and ETF options volumes,” wrote Goldman Sachs analyst John Marshall.

While the September expiration will set a new record, it’s expected to be smaller than the previous quarterly expirations of 2024.

A Record-Breaking Expiration Day

Goldman Sachs highlighted that average daily index and ETF options volumes have reached a new high this quarter. In contrast, single-stock options trading has seen a decline.

The sheer magnitude of options expiring Friday could trigger a wave of volatility as traders scramble to adjust their position, and the Federal Reserve’s recent rate cut might not be enough to temper the storm.

Could this triple witching day spoil the market rally ignited by the Fed?

What Is ‘Triple Witching’? How Did Markets Previously Perform?

Triple witching refers to the simultaneous expiration of three types of derivative contracts — stock index futures, stock index options and single-stock options — on the same day, occurring quarterly on the third Friday of March, June, September and December.

This convergence can lead to heightened market volatility as traders close, roll over or offset their expiring contracts, often resulting in unusual price movements and increased trading volumes.

Looking back at the last three triple witching events, the S&P 500, tracked by the SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust SPY, has struggled during these high-stakes trading days.

• June 21, 2024: The S&P 500 dropped 0.5%.
• March 15, 2024: The index fell by 1%.
• Dec. 15, 2023: The S&P 500 declined 0.6%.

Tech stocks, represented by the Invesco QQQ Trust QQQ, underperformed in the last two triple witching occasions, falling 0.8% in June and 1.2% in March, while surging 0.5% in December 2023.

Goldman Sachs Recommends VIX Calls Ahead of Volatility Spike

September is historically the worst month for stock market performance.

According to Ryan Detrick, chief market strategist at Carson Group, the last two weeks of September are the worst period for stocks during the year, as the expert showed in a post on social media platform X.